The Luxurious World of Spanish Ham: A Culinary Journey
Intro
Spanish ham is not just food; it's an experience steeped in tradition, history, and unparalleled craftsmanship. Nestled in the heart of Mediterranean cuisine, this delectable delicacy has gained international fame and admiration. Each mouthful tells a tale of care, patience, and artistry. It's evident now more than ever that Spanish ham, especially varieties like Jamón Ibérico, is not merely a treat for the taste buds, but rather a cultural artifact, resonating with the rich heritage of Spain.
Imagine yourself seated at a table, the air seeming to hum with the fragrant notes of cured ham wafting over, each slice revealing a marbled tapestry of flavors perfected through time. The discourse surrounding this ham stretches beyond its delectable allure, encompassing the methods of production, the breeds that yield such divinity, and the sheer dedication that farmers and artisans pour into every leg cured. As you slice into the beauty of Jamón Ibérico, you can feel the legacy of the land rich beneath your feet, a gratitude unfurling within as you savor the nuances, discovering a balance of sweet and savory that feels almost mystical.
In this guide, we will be taking a closer look into the various facets of Spanish ham, from understanding its prominent varieties to recognizing what sets them apart in terms of production methods and culinary significance. We will also delve into consumer perceptions, looking at the overall market for these premium offerings. Each segment will peel back layers of what makes Spanish ham not just food but a cherished delight, ensuring that both food lovers and curious minds will walk away with deeper insight into this iconic delicacy. With every bite, we reveal a world where passion meets skill, telling a story that’s simply irresistible.
Ingredients Breakdown
Primary Ingredients
Spanish ham is a simple yet profound creation that mainly consists of two ingredients: the animal and time. The star of this show is typically the Iberian pig, especially revered for its ability to produce high-quality ham. These pigs roam freely on acorn-rich pastures, leading to a distinguished flavor profile that is hard to replicate. Key components include:
- Iberian Pig: The breed greatly determines the quality and taste of the ham.
- Salt: Essential for the curing process, using the right type of salt emphasizes flavor.
- Time: The aging process can be extensive, anywhere from 24 months to over 48 months.
Optional Ingredients
While the core of Spanish ham revolves around its primary components, some producers may introduce optional spices or herbs during the curing process for enhanced flavor. These might include:
- Bay leaves
- Black pepper
- Thyme
Essential Kitchen Tools
When working with Spanish ham, having the right tools can make all the difference:
- Ham Holder: Keeps the ham stable during slicing.
- Serrated Knife: Ideal for getting those thin, delicate slices.
- Cutting Board: Preferably one that is durable and clean.
Considerations
Finding the right ham also involves understanding certifications, like the Denominations of Origin, that indicate authenticity and quality, ensuring you’re experiencing the best of what Spanish ham has to offer.
A deep dive into these ingredients sets the foundation for appreciating the craftsmanship behind Spanish ham, paving the way for our exploration into its intricate preparation methods.
Intro to Spanish Ham
Understanding Spanish ham is essential when delving into the rich culinary landscape of Spain. This delightful delicacy is not just a treat for the palate; it also weaves together history, tradition, and identity within the Spanish culture. In Spain, ham is more than mere food; it's a celebratory ingredient that graces tables during family gatherings, local festivals, and festive occasions. By exploring the nuances of Spanish ham, readers can appreciate how regional differences, curing methods, and even pig breeds contribute to the variety and flavor of this beloved staple.
Defining Spanish Ham
Spanish ham, or jamón, refers to the dry-cured legs of pigs, predominantly of the Iberian and white breeds. It’s prepared through a meticulous process known as curing. This method involves salting the meat, which is then left to dry and age for a defined period. While there are many types of Spanish ham, two stand out: Jamón Ibérico and Jamón Serrano. Each type not only varies in flavor and texture but also embodies the specific traditions of its region.
Typically, Jamón Ibérico is produced from the Iberian pig, known for its unique marbling, while Jamón Serrano comes from various white pig breeds. The geographical diversity of Spain means that each region brings its flair towards this craft, contributing to distinct flavors that reflect the land and heritage.
"Spanish ham captures the heart of our culinary traditions, with each slice telling a story about the land and process."
Cultural Significance in Spain
The role of ham in Spanish culture cannot be overstated. For many Spaniards, ham is intertwined with social interactions and celebrations. From tapas bars buzzing with patrons to elaborate meals featuring ham as the star ingredient, this delicacy holds a special spot in the nation’s heart. Both locals and tourists alike often go on tapas routes, where sampling different types of ham becomes a shared experience, fostering connections and conversations among diners.
Moreover, the importance of jamón is expressed in various ways, from art to literature, further enriching its cultural significance. It symbolizes generosity and hospitality; when a host serves ham, they are essentially offering a piece of their heritage to guests.
In summary, understanding Spanish ham is a gateway to comprehending Spanish culinary culture, reflecting a history steeped in tradition, regional identity, and craftsmanship. As readers journey through this guide, they will uncover the flavors, production methods, and cultural stories that make Spanish ham a true luxury.
Types of Spanish Ham
Understanding the various types of Spanish ham is crucial when exploring this luxurious world. Each type possesses distinctive characteristics, production methods, and flavors that contribute to their esteemed status in Spanish cuisine. This section not only highlights two of the most celebrated varieties but also showcases the differences that make them uniquely appealing.
Jamón Ibérico
Jamón Ibérico is often regarded as the crown jewel of Spanish ham. Hailing from Iberian pigs, noted for their exceptional meat quality, it offers a rich flavor profile that’s hard to surpass. The pigs are typically raised in free-range environments, grazing on acorns and enjoying a diet that heavily influences the taste of the ham. Not just any pig qualifies for this title; they must come from specific breeds such as the Iberico de Bellota and have met strict criteria regarding their upbringing.
The cure for Jamón Ibérico can last anywhere from 24 months to upwards of five years, depending on the quality and desired flavor nuances. The longer the ham is cured, the deeper the taste becomes, developing rich and complex flavors that some describe as nutty and earthy. It’s essentially a celebration of time, nature, and tradition, wrapped into one exquisite product.
Jamón Serrano
On the other side, Jamón Serrano is another highly regarded Spanish ham. While it's equally delicious, it utilizes a different breed of pig, typically a white pig. The curing process for Jamón Serrano generally takes less time than Jamón Ibérico, typically ranging from 7 to 16 months. Despite this shorter curing time, the ham delivers its own unique flavor, often characterized as slightly milder compared to its Ibérico counterpart.
Serrano ham can be found throughout Spain, and it’s typically sold in delicatessens and supermarkets, making it more accessible to the average consumer. The texture can vary, from smooth and tender to firm, depending on the precise aging and production methods adopted.
Differences Between Ibérico and Serrano
When discussing Jamón Ibérico and Jamón Serrano, the differences become evident, and they play a significant role in a connoisseur’s choice. Here are key considerations:
- Source: Ibérico is made from Iberian pigs, whereas Serrano comes from a variety of white pigs.
- Diet: The diet of free-ranging Iberian pigs, rich in acorns, enhances the flavor complexity of Jamón Ibérico, while Serrano pigs typically have a more basic diet.
- Curing Process: Ibérico undergoes a much longer curing process, which greatly intensifies its flavor compared to Serrano.
- Price Point: Jamón Ibérico often comes with a hefty price tag due to its production methods and quality, whereas Jamón Serrano is more budget-friendly, making it a staple in many households.
"The craft of Spanish ham is not just about sustenance; it embodies the heart of tradition and artistry, passed through generations."
Production Process of High-Quality Spanish Ham
The foundation of high-quality Spanish ham is the intricate production process that embodies not just culinary craftsmanship but also a rich tradition steeped in generations of knowledge. Each step is fundamental, from the selection of pigs to the curing process, and contributes significantly to the iconic flavors and textures that make Spanish ham unparalleled in its class. By understanding these critical elements, one can truly appreciate what elevates certain varieties of ham to luxury status.
Breeding the Right Pigs
To kickstart the journey of producing exceptional Spanish ham, the process begins with the right breed. The Iberian pig is the star of the show here. Renowned for its rich genetic lineage, it thrives in the Iberian Peninsula's unique environment. These pigs are primarily bred in regions such as Extremadura and Andalusia. What sets them apart is their ability to convert acorns into high-quality fat, which directly impacts the flavor profile of the ham.
The breeding process goes beyond mere genetics; it also involves ensuring the pigs are raised in an environment that fosters their well-being. Pigs that roam freely in oak forests tend to produce better quality meat due to their natural diet. Farmers carefully manage this aspect, allowing the pigs to live in semi-wild conditions to ensure they develop the right musculature and fat distribution that gives Jamón Ibérico its celebrated marbling.
The Importance of Diet
A hallmark of exceptional Spanish ham is the diet given to the pigs, particularly during the final stages before slaughter. In contrast to other breeds, the Iberian pig's diet is predominantly made up of acorns— a delicacy for them known locally as "bellotas." These acorns not only provide essential nutrients but also infuse the meat with a nutty flavor that is hard to replicate.
Farmers often refer to this as the "Montanera" phase, where pigs graze freely among the oak trees. This natural foraging helps in developing the kind of fat that is light and melts in the mouth. It’s a far cry from factory-farmed pigs that consume predominantly grain. Additionally, the pigs are known to consume herbs and grass, further contributing to the complexity of flavors in the final product. These well-fed creatures yield ham that becomes a testament to the significant correlation between diet and quality.
The Curing Process
Arguably the most crucial stage in the production of high-quality ham is the curing process. After the pigs are processed, the meat is salted and stored in controlled conditions. The curing itself can take anywhere from a year to over three years, depending on the type of ham being produced. During this time, the enzymes and microbes in the ham interact in ways that develop flavors and change the texture beautifully.
The first phase is the salting, where the meat is carefully massaged with sea salt, which helps in removing moisture and preserving the meat. This stage is crucial as it sets the groundwork for further flavor development. Following salting, the ham is moved to cool, dry air conditions, and then aged in cellars, often with specific humidity and temperature controls that mimic traditional methods.
The aging process, known as "curación," is where the magic truly happens. Over time, the ham develops its renowned depths of flavor, with some varieties achieving a perfect balance of sweet and savory tones. Notably, each ham carries the imprint of the unique processes applied, contributing to the notable differences between hams from various producers. This meticulous journey from pig to plate is what makes premium Spanish ham a culinary treasure, a veritable symbol of craftsmanship and tradition.
"The artistry of Spanish ham is a dance between nature and nurture, where each stage of production is a note in a beautiful melody of flavor."
Factors Influencing Cost
When it comes to high-quality Spanish ham, the cost can make one sit up and take notice. This isn’t just about price tags; it’s a reflection of a myriad of factors that contribute to the ham’s stature and desirability. Understanding what influences the cost of this cherished delicacy reveals insights not only into its production but also into the cultural and culinary importance it holds for enthusiasts across the globe. Let’s unravel some of the key elements that play into the pricing of these luxurious varieties.
Geographical Indications
Geographical indications (GIs) are fundamentally crucial in determining the price of Spanish ham. These designations serve not only as marketing tools but also as a mark of quality and tradition. For instance, Jamón Ibérico from specific regions in Spain, particularly those in the southwest like Extremadura and Guijelo, must adhere to strict guidelines set by regulatory bodies. This means that the production methods, pig breeds, and even the environment in which the animals are raised must align with specific criteria.
The significance of GIs can be seen in the way they add intrinsic value to the product. Each region imbues the ham with unique flavors and characteristics attributable to its terroir. As consumers become more informed about these distinctions, they often become willing to pay a premium for hams bearing specific geographical certifications, knowing they offer quality that’s been cultivated for generations. Quite frankly, these factors make it possible to classify some hams as true culinary luxuries.
Length of Aging
Aging is another pivotal factor influencing cost. When Spanish ham is cured, the duration plays a vital role in flavor, texture, and, ultimately, price. Hams can be aged anywhere from a minimum of 12 months to well over 36 months, and beyond for the finest varieties.
For example, Jamón Ibérico de Bellota—revered for its rich, nutty flavor—often undergoes a lengthy aging process which can last up to 48 months. During this time, the meat loses moisture and develops more complex flavors. Consumers often find themselves paying handsomely for this extended curing as the end product boasts not only an exquisite taste but also a certain prestige attached to its rarity.
Market Demand for Premium Products
Finally, let’s not overlook the market demand. In recent years, there’s been an increasing trend toward premium, artisanal food products, and Spanish ham fits this trend beautifully. Nowadays, it’s not just about flavor; it’s about exclusivity. Culinary enthusiasts and chefs alike are constantly on the hunt for the best quality products to elevate their dishes.
Having said that, as demand for top-notch ham increases, so does the price. Factors such as limited production and high-quality standards cultivate a sense of luxury, thus making it a fashionable choice for charcuterie boards or gourmet dishes at fine-dining establishments. This interplay between supply and demand means that the more desirable a product becomes, the higher the prices will soar.
"In understanding the metrics of cost, one appreciates the journey from pasture to plate, ensuring that every slice tells a story of tradition and excellence."
Jamón Ibérico: The Pinnacle of Luxury
In the realm of Spanish ham, Jamón Ibérico stands tall as an icon of luxury and tradition. It is not just a culinary delight; it’s a testament to centuries of craftsmanship. This section dives into the multiple grades of Jamón Ibérico, highlighting why it commands such high esteem in both local and global markets.
Different Grades of Jamón Ibérico
When it comes to Jamón Ibérico, there’s a hierarchy based on the pig’s diet and environment, affecting flavor and texture significantly.
Jamón Ibérico de Bellota
Jamón Ibérico de Bellota is often heralded as the finest among all. Pigs that produce this ham are free to roam in the dehesas, grazing on acorns and wild grasses. This diet is vital; it enriches the fat, lending a sweet, nutty flavor to the meat. The acorns help develop the unique marbling that sets this grade apart. It’s like savoring the essence of the Spanish landscape in every bite.
The key characteristic of Jamón Ibérico de Bellota is undoubtedly its fat content, which offers a sumptuous mouthfeel that is both creamy and rich. This makes it a beloved choice among discerning palates. However, its luxurious nature comes with a price; this grade usually sits at the high end of the pricing spectrum, making it more of a special occasion treat.
Some might argue it’s more hype than substance, but true aficionados know the difference. The unique feature of its acorn-fed lineage guarantees a taste that’s hard to replicate, which, in this case, is a significant advantage.
Jamón Ibérico de Cebo
On the other hand, Jamón Ibérico de Cebo offers a slightly different experience. While still esteemed, these pigs may not roam free. Instead, they often consume a mixed diet that includes feed, which can affect the flavor profile. However, it still retains the hallmark flavors of the Ibérico heritage.
Its key characteristic lies in its balanced taste, making it more accessible and a sound choice for those who wish to enjoy the uniqueness of Jamón Ibérico without breaking the bank. It’s a wonderful entry point into the world of premium Spanish hams, maintaining quality while being more affordable.
In terms of unique features, one might consider that the de Cebo grade is often more widely available, making it an easier find in international markets. However, for stringent connoisseurs, it might lack the depth of flavor found in its Bellota counterpart. Still, it’s a worthy addition to any culinary exploration.
Cultivating Terrior Impact
Understanding Jamón Ibérico isn’t just about knowing its grades; it involves recognizing how terroir plays a role. The region where the pigs are raised contributes significantly to the development of flavors. Factors such as climate, soil, and even the types of acorn influence what ends up on your plate. As a result, those who engage in gastronomic tourism in Spain often seek out specific locales to experience the full spectrum of flavors that Jamón Ibérico has to offer.
The Role of Technology in Production
The production of Spanish ham has evolved tremendously over the years. Gone are the times when artisanal methods alone dictated the quality and consistency of this sought-after delicacy. Today, technology plays a pivotal role in enhancing both the efficiency and quality of production, ensuring that the tradition of Spanish ham continues to thrive in modern culinary contexts. By integrating advanced techniques and systems, producers are able to maintain the integrity of the ham while meeting the demands of a growing market.
Modern Curing Innovations
Curing is at the heart of what makes Spanish ham unique. Modern curing innovations have refined this process significantly. Traditional methods involved simple air-drying techniques, but now, producers harness the power of climate-controlled environments. This ensures that temperature and humidity levels are meticulously managed, allowing for a more consistent drying process. The result? Uniform flavor profiles and textures in each batch, elevating the overall quality of the ham.
Moreover, some producers are experimenting with the use of natural enzymes and microbial cultures to enhance flavor development during the aging process. This innovation can lead to richer, more complex flavors that delight the palate.
"Innovation in curing methods has not just modernized the production; it has deepened the connection between tradition and cutting-edge science."
Traceability and Certification
In an era where consumers demand transparency, traceability and certification have become essential components in the production of premium Spanish ham. Technology allows for the tracking of each product from its origin all the way to the consumer’s table. By utilizing blockchain technology, producers can now guarantee the authenticity of their products, assuring buyers that what they are consuming is genuinely Jamón Ibérico or Jamón Serrano.
The certification process, backed by strict guidelines, further enhances consumer trust. Customers can now look for seals and markings that indicate adherence to quality standards such as Denomination of Origin (D.O.). These measures not only protect the reputation of Spanish ham but also bolster its standing in global markets.
Culinary Applications of Premium Spanish Ham
Spanish ham, specially the revered varieties like Jamón Ibérico, is not just a delicacy; it’s a culinary treasure. Understanding its culinary applications is essential to appreciate how this exquisite product enhances dishes and dining experiences. From its pairing with fine wines to its incorporation as a versatile ingredient in various recipes, Spanish ham plays a significant role in both traditional and modern gastronomy.
A dish is only as good as its ingredients, and premium Spanish ham undoubtedly elevates any culinary creation. Its unique flavor profile, ranging from nutty and sweet to salty, makes it an ideal companion for a range of leisurely meals. When used creatively, it can transform mundane dishes into a celebration of taste, reinforcing why chefs and food enthusiasts alike venerate this ingredient.
Pairing with Wines
Pairing Spanish ham with wines is an art that speaks volumes about both the ham itself and the culture surrounding it. The flavors of premium Spanish ham harmonize beautifully with a diverse selection of wines, enhancing the overall dining experience.
- Jamón Ibérico de Bellota pairs exceptionally well with a fruity red like Tempranillo or a robust Rioja. The earthy notes of the ham complement the wine’s richness, creating a balance that is nothing short of delightful.
- White wines, such as Albariño, are also great companions, especially when serving Jamón Serrano. They bring a refreshing contrast that cuts through the saltiness, allowing both the ham and the wine to shine without overpowering one another.
- Sherry, particularly Fino or Manzanilla, could be considered a classic pairing for any Spanish delicacy. The dry, crisp notes of Sherry elevate the unique flavors of the ham, making for a sophisticated match that is cherished in many Spanish households.
Choosing the right wine often depends on the type of ham being served. The age and diet of the pig also influence the flavor profile of the ham, thus affecting the ideal wine pairing. The longer the ham is cured, the bolder the taste tends to be—requiring something that can stand up to its complexity.
"The right wine brings out the best in Spanish ham, crafting a symphony of flavor with every bite and sip.”
Incorporating into Dishes
Integrating Spanish ham into various dishes isn’t just about adding flavor; it’s about creating a special experience. The versatility of ham allows it to shine in a range of preparations—from simple tapas to gourmet entrees.
- Tapas: Thin slices of Jamón Ibérico served on crusty bread with a touch of olive oil can serve as a sensational start or part of a lively social gathering. It's often paired with cheeses or olives, cultivating an authentic Spanish ambiance.
- Salads: Incorporate chunks of Jamón Serrano in a Spanish salad with fresh vegetables, nuts, and a tangy vinaigrette. The salty, savory hints from the ham merge flawlessly with the crisp veggies, providing a refreshing yet decadent dish.
- Pastas and Risottos: Diced ham can transform a simple pasta dish or risotto into something divine. When cooked gently, the fat of the ham infuses the dish with flavor. One might cook it with garlic and finish with parsley to create a rustic, hearty meal.
- Soups: A traditional Gazpacho can truly resonate with the addition of a few crispy ham slices, offering a delightful contrast in texture and flavor.
As one can see, the applications for premium Spanish ham are endless. Its culinary influence highlights the importance of quality and technique in cooking, ensuring that the essence of Spanish cuisine is preserved and celebrated.
Consumer Perceptions and Trends
Understanding consumer perceptions and trends surrounding Spanish ham is paramount in the culinary landscape. With the growing appreciation for artisanal and gourmet foods, Spanish ham, particularly the illustrious Jamón Ibérico, has captured the attention of many. This heightened interest is not merely a passing fad but a reflection of evolving consumer desires for quality, authenticity, and, perhaps, a touch of extravagance.
Market Trends and Pricing
In the realm of gourmet foods, market dynamics for Spanish ham have undergone a fascinating transformation. Not so long ago, finding good quality ham was akin to hunting for treasure; not everyone knew where to look. Today, it’s more common to see high-end restaurants and boutique charcuteries proudly featuring this delicacy.
The pricing of Spanish ham is influenced by several factors, including age, breed, and geographic origins. For instance, a leg of Jamón Ibérico de Bellota might fetch a staggering amount, often exceeding a thousand euros. This hefty price tag is justified by the meticulous practices involved—from raising the pigs on acorns to extended curing periods. Consumers are becoming more discerning, often insisting on transparent sourcing and ethical production methods. This trend points to a fundamental shift towards valuing quality over quantity, where discerning palates are willing to invest in remarkable culinary experiences.
- Quality vs. Price: Many consumers now understand that a higher price often correlates with superior quality.
- Transparency: Customers actively seek out information on the origins and production methods of the ham, unlocking a sense of trust in what they’re purchasing.
- Sustainability: A growing number of consumers consider the environmental impact of their food choices, leaning towards products that emphasize sustainability.
The Influence of Social Media
Social media has become a pivotal player in shaping consumer perceptions of Spanish ham. Platforms like Instagram and Facebook have elevated its visibility, often showcasing beautifully styled plates of Jamón Ibérico among other delicacies. A well-curated feed can spark curiosity and drive interest, luring food enthusiasts to explore what was previously unknown.
Stars on social media don't just promote; they dissect flavors, share recipes, and foster communities around food appreciation. The sharing of user-generated content plays an integral role in how potential buyers perceive the product. Many people are drawn to the journey of exploring food, and Spanish ham perfectly fits into that narrative. Additionally, popular hashtags enable a wider audience to discover unique eating experiences around Spanish ham, contributing to its status as a luxury item.
However, not all influences are positive. Misinformation can sometimes cloud consumer judgment. With so many voices out there, people can be overwhelmed with contradictory advice. It’s imperative for consumers to lean on reputable sources and educate themselves about the product. Properly understanding what to look for can enhance the enjoyment of Spanish ham, whether one is curating a charcuterie board or enhancing a tasting menu.
“To savor Spanish ham is to embrace a rich cultural heritage, filtered through the lens of modern consumerism.”
For further insights into Spanish ham and its impact on culinary trends, consider visiting Wikipedia and Britannica.
The End
The world of Spanish ham stands as a testament to the rich tapestry of culture, tradition, and culinary artistry that defines Spain. This article serves to illuminate the multifaceted dimensions of Spanish ham—especially its luxurious varieties, which capture the essence of the country's heritage. Throughout our exploration, it has become evident that enjoying these hams involves much more than mere consumption; it is an appreciation of the labor-intensive processes and deep-rooted customs that go into their production.
Summary of Key Insights
Delving into the nuances, several key insights emerge:
- Quality Breeds: The foundation of exquisite Spanish ham lies in the breeding of pigs. Breeds such as the Iberico thrive on acorns and roam freely, directly influencing the flavor of the meat.
- Curing Mastery: The multifaceted curing process, ranging from time-honored techniques to modern innovations, allows for flavors to develop complexity. Aging periods can vary greatly, affecting both taste and price.
- Cultural Relativity: Spanish ham is not just a food item; it is a cultural symbol embedded into Spanish identity. Regions known for their ham production, like both Catalonia and Andalusia, boast rich histories tied to this gastronomy.
- Consumer Trends: The growing popularity of premium products in global markets reflects a surge in consumer interest, shaped significantly by social media influence and shifting dining preferences.
Understanding these elements enhances not only the appreciation for the dish but also informs choices when purchasing or consuming Spanish ham. It also raises awareness about sustainability and ethical sourcing, which have become pressing considerations among discerning consumers.
The Future of Spanish Ham
Looking forward, the future of Spanish ham seems ripe with possibilities yet fraught with challenges. As global demand continues to burgeon, producers may need to adapt to market trends while maintaining the quintessential qualities that define authentic Spanish ham. This may include:
- Sustainable Practices: As environmental concerns grow, there is an increasing call for sustainable farming methods. Enhancing the welfare of pigs and using traditional farming practices could very well become a selling point.
- Education and Awareness: Greater emphasis on educating consumers about the origins and differences in ham types can foster a more discerning market.
- Technological Integration: Technology will continue to play a crucial role, particularly through innovations in curing processes and traceability efforts, allowing for better quality control and authenticity checks.
